Hi,
I’m trying to get my SparkFun Thing Plus LoRa online on The Things Network. I’ve followed all the setup steps, but my device isn’t coming online.
Here’s what I’ve done so far:
- My Raspberry Pi, which acts as my gateway, is successfully connected to TTN.
- I can see my messages coming through on TTN from the gateway.
- However, my SparkFun Thing Plus LoRa is not appearing as online.
Any insights on what might be going wrong? I’d appreciate any help!
Thanks in advance!
/*******************************************************************************
Copyright (c) 2015 Thomas Telkamp and Matthijs KooijmanPermission is hereby granted, free of charge, to anyone
obtaining a copy of this document and accompanying files,
to do whatever they want with them without any restriction,
including, but not limited to, copying, modification and redistribution.
NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND IS PROVIDED.This example sends a valid LoRaWAN packet with payload “Hello,
world!”, using frequency and encryption settings matching those of
the The Things Network.This uses ABP (Activation-by-personalisation), where a DevAddr and
Session keys are preconfigured (unlike OTAA, where a DevEUI and
application key is configured, while the DevAddr and session keys are
assigned/generated in the over-the-air-activation procedure).Note: LoRaWAN per sub-band duty-cycle limitation is enforced (1% in
g1, 0.1% in g2), but not the TTN fair usage policy (which is probably
violated by this sketch when left running for longer)!To use this sketch, first register your application and device with
the things network, to set or generate a DevAddr, NwkSKey and
AppSKey. Each device should have their own unique values for these
fields.Do not forget to define the radio type correctly in config.h.
*******************************************************************************/
#include <basicmac.h>
#include <hal/hal.h>
#include <SPI.h>// LoRaWAN NwkSKey, network session key
// This is the default Semtech key, which is used by the early prototype TTN
// network.
static const PROGMEM u1_t NWKSKEY[16] = { 0x23, 0x63, 0x9E, 0xF8, 0x92, 0x76, 0x4A, 0xCB, 0x0B, 0x12, 0xDF, 0xD7, 0x16, 0x61, 0xAA, 0x8D, };// LoRaWAN AppSKey, application session key
// This is the default Semtech key, which is used by the early prototype TTN
// network.
static const u1_t PROGMEM APPSKEY[16] = { 0x0E, 0x41, 0x2E, 0xAC, 0x14, 0x2B, 0x43, 0xAD, 0x05, 0x7A, 0x32, 0x87, 0x04, 0x61, 0xCD, 0x32 };// LoRaWAN end-device address (DevAddr)
static const u4_t DEVADDR = 0x260B56BF; // ← Change this address for every node! For example, our device address is 26022DEB. We will need to replace “DEVICE_ADDRESS_HERE” as 0x26022DEB.// These callbacks are only used in over-the-air activation, so they are
// left empty here (we cannot leave them out completely unless
// DISABLE_JOIN is set in config.h, otherwise the linker will complain).
void os_getJoinEui (u1_t* /* buf /) { }
void os_getDevEui (u1_t /* buf /) { }
void os_getNwkKey (u1_t /* buf */) { }// The region to use, this just uses the first one (can be changed if
// multiple regions are enabled).
u1_t os_getRegion (void) {
return LMIC_regionCode(0);
}// Schedule TX every this many milliseconds (might become longer due to duty
// cycle limitations).
const unsigned TX_INTERVAL = 20000;// When this is defined, a standard pinmap from standard-pinmaps.ino
// will be used. If you need to use a custom pinmap, comment this line
// and enter the pin numbers in the lmic_pins variable below.
//#define USE_STANDARD_PINMAP#if !defined(USE_STANDARD_PINMAP)
// All pin assignments use Arduino pin numbers (e.g. what you would pass
// to digitalWrite), or LMIC_UNUSED_PIN when a pin is not connected.
const lmic_pinmap lmic_pins = {
// NSS input pin for SPI communication (required)
.nss = D36,
// If needed, these pins control the RX/TX antenna switch (active
// high outputs). When you have both, the antenna switch can
// powerdown when unused. If you just have a RXTX pin it should
// usually be assigned to .tx, reverting to RX mode when idle).
//
// The SX127x has an RXTX pin that can automatically control the
// antenna switch (if internally connected on the transceiver
// board). This pin is always active, so no configuration is needed
// for that here.
// On SX126x, the DIO2 can be used for the same thing, but this is
// disabled by default. To enable this, set .tx to
// LMIC_CONTROLLED_BY_DIO2 below (this seems to be common and
// enabling it when not needed is probably harmless, unless DIO2 is
// connected to GND or VCC directly inside the transceiver board).
.tx = LMIC_UNUSED_PIN,
.rx = LMIC_UNUSED_PIN,
// Radio reset output pin (active high for SX1276, active low for
// others). When omitted, reset is skipped which might cause problems.
.rst = D44,
// DIO input pins.
// For SX127x, LoRa needs DIO0 and DIO1, FSK needs DIO0, DIO1 and DIO2
// For SX126x, Only DIO1 is needed (so leave DIO0 and DIO2 as LMIC_UNUSED_PIN)
//.dio = {/* DIO0 / 2, / DIO1 / 3, / DIO2 */ 4},.dio = {/* DIO0 / LMIC_UNUSED_PIN, / DIO1 / D40, / DIO2 */ LMIC_UNUSED_PIN},
// Busy input pin (SX126x only). When omitted, a delay is used which might
// cause problems.
.busy = D39,
// TCXO oscillator enable output pin (active high).
//
// For SX127x this should be an I/O pin that controls the TCXO, or
// LMIC_UNUSED_PIN when a crystal is used instead of a TCXO.
//
// For SX126x this should be LMIC_CONTROLLED_BY_DIO3 when a TCXO is
// directly connected to the transceiver DIO3 to let the transceiver
// start and stop the TCXO, or LMIC_UNUSED_PIN when a crystal is
// used instead of a TCXO. Controlling the TCXO from the MCU is not
// supported.
.tcxo = LMIC_UNUSED_PIN,
};
#endif // !defined(USE_STANDARD_PINMAP)void onLmicEvent (ev_t ev) {
Serial.print(os_getTime());
Serial.print(": ");
switch (ev) {
case EV_SCAN_TIMEOUT:
Serial.println(F(“EV_SCAN_TIMEOUT”));
break;
case EV_BEACON_FOUND:
Serial.println(F(“EV_BEACON_FOUND”));
break;
case EV_BEACON_MISSED:
Serial.println(F(“EV_BEACON_MISSED”));
break;
case EV_BEACON_TRACKED:
Serial.println(F(“EV_BEACON_TRACKED”));
break;
case EV_JOINING:
Serial.println(F(“EV_JOINING”));
break;
case EV_JOINED:
Serial.println(F(“EV_JOINED”));
break;
case EV_RFU1:
Serial.println(F(“EV_RFU1”));
break;
case EV_JOIN_FAILED:
Serial.println(F(“EV_JOIN_FAILED”));
break;
case EV_REJOIN_FAILED:
Serial.println(F(“EV_REJOIN_FAILED”));
break;
case EV_TXCOMPLETE:
Serial.println(F(“EV_TXCOMPLETE (includes waiting for RX windows)”));
if (LMIC.txrxFlags & TXRX_ACK)
Serial.println(F(“Received ack”));
if (LMIC.dataLen) {
Serial.print(F(“Received “));
Serial.print(LMIC.dataLen);
Serial.println(F(” bytes of payload”));
}
break;
case EV_LOST_TSYNC:
Serial.println(F(“EV_LOST_TSYNC”));
break;
case EV_RESET:
Serial.println(F(“EV_RESET”));
break;
case EV_RXCOMPLETE:
// data received in ping slot
Serial.println(F(“EV_RXCOMPLETE”));
break;
case EV_LINK_DEAD:
Serial.println(F(“EV_LINK_DEAD”));
break;
case EV_LINK_ALIVE:
Serial.println(F(“EV_LINK_ALIVE”));
break;
case EV_SCAN_FOUND:
Serial.println(F(“EV_SCAN_FOUND”));
break;
case EV_TXSTART:
Serial.println(F(“EV_TXSTART”));
break;
case EV_TXDONE:
Serial.println(F(“EV_TXDONE”));
break;
case EV_DATARATE:
Serial.println(F(“EV_DATARATE”));
break;
case EV_START_SCAN:
Serial.println(F(“EV_START_SCAN”));
break;
case EV_ADR_BACKOFF:
Serial.println(F(“EV_ADR_BACKOFF”));
break;
default:
Serial.print(F("Unknown event: "));
Serial.println(ev);
break;
}
}void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);// Wait up to 5 seconds for serial to be opened, to allow catching
// startup messages on native USB boards (that do not reset when
// serial is opened).
unsigned long start = millis();
while (millis() - start < 5000 && !Serial);Serial.println();
Serial.println();
Serial.println(F(“Starting”));
Serial.println();Serial.print(F("Geselecteerde frequentieplan: ")); #ifdef CFG_eu868 Serial.println(F("EU868")); #endif #ifdef CFG_us915 Serial.println(F("US915")); #endif #ifdef CFG_au915 Serial.println(F("AU915")); #endif #ifdef CFG_as923 Serial.println(F("AS923")); #endif Serial.print(F("Current RX timing offset: "));Serial.println(LMIC.rxtime - os_getTime());
// LMIC init
os_init(nullptr);
// Reset the MAC state. Session and pending data transfers will be discarded.
LMIC_reset();// Set static session parameters. Instead of dynamically establishing a session
// by joining the network, precomputed session parameters are be provided.
#ifdef PROGMEM
// On AVR, these values are stored in flash and only copied to RAM
// once. Copy them to a temporary buffer here, LMIC_setSession will
// copy them into a buffer of its own again.
uint8_t appskey[sizeof(APPSKEY)];
uint8_t nwkskey[sizeof(NWKSKEY)];
memcpy_P(appskey, APPSKEY, sizeof(APPSKEY));
memcpy_P(nwkskey, NWKSKEY, sizeof(NWKSKEY));
LMIC_setSession (0x1, DEVADDR, nwkskey, appskey);
#else
// If not running an AVR with PROGMEM, just use the arrays directly
LMIC_setSession (0x1, DEVADDR, NWKSKEY, APPSKEY);
#endif#if defined(CFG_eu868)
// These are defined by the LoRaWAN specification
enum {
EU_DR_SF12 = 0,
EU_DR_SF11 = 1,
EU_DR_SF10 = 2,
EU_DR_SF9 = 3,
EU_DR_SF8 = 4,
EU_DR_SF7 = 5,
EU_DR_SF7_BW250 = 6,
EU_DR_FSK = 7,
};// Set up the channels used by the Things Network, which corresponds
// to the defaults of most gateways. Without this, only three base
// channels from the LoRaWAN specification are used, which certainly
// works, so it is good for debugging, but can overload those
// frequencies, so be sure to configure the full frequency range of
// your network here (unless your network autoconfigures them).
// Setting up channels should happen after LMIC_setSession, as that
// configures the minimal channel set.
LMIC_setupChannel(0, 868100000, DR_RANGE_MAP(EU_DR_SF12, EU_DR_SF7)); // g-band
LMIC_setupChannel(1, 868300000, DR_RANGE_MAP(EU_DR_SF12, EU_DR_SF7)); // g-band
LMIC_setupChannel(2, 868500000, DR_RANGE_MAP(EU_DR_SF12, EU_DR_SF7)); // g-band// TTN uses SF9 at 869.525Mhz for its RX2 window (frequency is
// default LoRaWAN, SF is different, but set them both to be
// explicit).
LMIC.dn2Freq = 868100000;
LMIC.dn2Dr = EU_DR_SF9;// Set data rate for uplink
LMIC_setDrTxpow(EU_DR_SF9, 30);
#elif defined(CFG_eu868)
// NA-US channels 0-71 are configured automatically
// TTN recommends the second sub band, 1 in a zero based count.
// gateway-conf/US-global_conf.json at master · TheThingsNetwork/gateway-conf · GitHub
// TODO: How to configure these channels? LMIC had LMIC_selectSubBand,
// but it seems BasicMac only has LMIC_disableChannel.// Attempt to disable unused channels except channel 8 (903.900024)
// Note, this is the only channel that the SparkFun Single-channel Gateway
// listens on, using the provided ESP32 gateway and example code from this tutorial:
// SparkFun LoRa Gateway 1-Channel Hookup Guide - SparkFun Learn/* // disable channels 0-7
for (int i = 0; i <= 7 ; i++)
{
LMIC_disableChannel(i);
}// note, leave channel 8 enabled
// disable all other higher channels
for (int i = 9; i <= 63 ; i++)
{
LMIC_disableChannel(i);
} */
#endif// Disable link check validation
LMIC_setLinkCheckMode(0);// Enable this to increase the receive window size, to compensate
// for an inaccurate clock. // This compensate for +/- 10% clock
// error, a lower value will likely be more appropriate.
//LMIC_setClockError(MAX_CLOCK_ERROR * 10 / 100);// Queue first packet
send_packet();
}uint32_t last_packet = 0;
void loop() {
// Let LMIC handle background tasks
os_runstep();// If TX_INTERVAL passed, and our previous packet is not still
// pending (which can happen due to duty cycle limitations), send
// the next packet.
if (millis() - last_packet > TX_INTERVAL && !(LMIC.opmode & (OP_JOINING | OP_TXRXPEND))) {
send_packet();
}
}void send_packet() {
// Prepare upstream data transmission at the next possible time.
uint8_t mydata = “0,125”;
LMIC_setTxData2(1, mydata, sizeof(mydata) - 1, 0);
Serial.println(F(“Packet queued”));last_packet = millis();
}