Hi,
I am using the Programmer’s Notepad IDE in a Windows 7 environment for writing programs for AtMega 1632. To start, I wrote a simple program mirror.c , and a makefile. I then saved them into the same folder, opened them in programmer’s notepad and performed [WinAVR] Make All. I then received the following error.
“make.exe” all
-------- begin --------
process_begin: CreateProcess(NULL, avr-gcc --version, …) failed.
make (e=2): The system cannot find the file specified.
make.exe: *** [gccversion] Error 2
Process Exit Code: 2
Time Taken: 00:01
and was hence unable to generate the hex file necessary to flash the code into the microcontroller. What is the error in my method? My code is written below.
mirror.c
#include<avr/io.h> //Including the header file in order to use input/output registers
int main()
{
DDRA = 0x00; // Declaring Port A to be an input port
DDRB = 0xFF; // Declaring Port B to be an output port
PORTA = 0xFF; // Setting the default voltage of Port A HIGH (Pull-up)
char c;
while(1) //Infinite loop
{
c = PINA; // Taking input from Port A and storing it in variable c
if(c == 0b11111111) // If input is HIGH
PORTB = 0b00000010; // Motor will move in one direction
if(c == 0b11111110) // If input is LOW
PORTB = 0b00000001; //Motor will move in other direction
}
return 0;
}
Makefile
Hey Emacs, this is a -- makefile --
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
WinAVR Makefile Template written by Eric B. Weddington, Jörg Wunsch, et al.
Released to the Public Domain
Additional material for this makefile was written by:
Peter Fleury
Tim Henigan
Colin O’Flynn
Reiner Patommel
Markus Pfaff
Sander Pool
Frederik Rouleau
Carlos Lamas
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
On command line:
make all = Make software.
make clean = Clean out built project files.
make coff = Convert ELF to AVR COFF.
make extcoff = Convert ELF to AVR Extended COFF.
make program = Download the hex file to the device, using avrdude.
Please customize the avrdude settings below first!
make debug = Start either simulavr or avarice as specified for debugging,
with avr-gdb or avr-insight as the front end for debugging.
make filename.s = Just compile filename.c into the assembler code only.
make filename.i = Create a preprocessed source file for use in submitting
bug reports to the GCC project.
To rebuild project do “make clean” then “make all”.
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
MCU name
MCU = atmega16
Processor frequency.
This will define a symbol, F_CPU, in all source code files equal to the
processor frequency. You can then use this symbol in your source code to
calculate timings. Do NOT tack on a ‘UL’ at the end, this will be done
automatically to create a 32-bit value in your source code.
Typical values are:
F_CPU = 1000000
F_CPU = 1843200
F_CPU = 2000000
F_CPU = 3686400
F_CPU = 4000000
F_CPU = 7372800
F_CPU = 8000000
F_CPU = 11059200
F_CPU = 14745600
F_CPU = 16000000
F_CPU = 18432000
F_CPU = 20000000
F_CPU = 8000000
Output format. (can be srec, ihex, binary)
FORMAT = ihex
Target file name (without extension).
TARGET =mirror
Object files directory
To put object files in current directory, use a dot (.), do NOT make
this an empty or blank macro!
OBJDIR = .
List C source files here. (C dependencies are automatically generated.)
SRC = $(TARGET).c
List C++ source files here. (C dependencies are automatically generated.)
CPPSRC =
List Assembler source files here.
Make them always end in a capital .S. Files ending in a lowercase .s
will not be considered source files but generated files (assembler
output from the compiler), and will be deleted upon “make clean”!
Even though the DOS/Win* filesystem matches both .s and .S the same,
it will preserve the spelling of the filenames, and gcc itself does
care about how the name is spelled on its command-line.
ASRC =
Optimization level, can be [0, 1, 2, 3, s].
0 = turn off optimization. s = optimize for size.
(Note: 3 is not always the best optimization level. See avr-libc FAQ.)
OPT = s
Debugging format.
Native formats for AVR-GCC’s -g are dwarf-2 [default] or stabs.
AVR Studio 4.10 requires dwarf-2.
AVR [Extended] COFF format requires stabs, plus an avr-objcopy run.
DEBUG = dwarf-2
List any extra directories to look for include files here.
Each directory must be seperated by a space.
Use forward slashes for directory separators.
For a directory that has spaces, enclose it in quotes.
EXTRAINCDIRS =
Compiler flag to set the C Standard level.
c89 = “ANSI” C
gnu89 = c89 plus GCC extensions
c99 = ISO C99 standard (not yet fully implemented)
gnu99 = c99 plus GCC extensions
CSTANDARD = -std=gnu99
Place -D or -U options here for C sources
CDEFS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU)UL
Place -D or -U options here for ASM sources
ADEFS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU)
Place -D or -U options here for C++ sources
CPPDEFS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU)UL
#CPPDEFS += -D__STDC_LIMIT_MACROS
#CPPDEFS += -D__STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS
#---------------- Compiler Options C ----------------
-g*: generate debugging information
-O*: optimization level
-f…: tuning, see GCC manual and avr-libc documentation
-Wall…: warning level
-Wa,…: tell GCC to pass this to the assembler.
-adhlns…: create assembler listing
CFLAGS = -g$(DEBUG)
CFLAGS += $(CDEFS)
CFLAGS += -O$(OPT)
CFLAGS += -funsigned-char
CFLAGS += -funsigned-bitfields
CFLAGS += -fpack-struct
CFLAGS += -fshort-enums
CFLAGS += -Wall
CFLAGS += -Wstrict-prototypes
#CFLAGS += -mshort-calls
#CFLAGS += -fno-unit-at-a-time
#CFLAGS += -Wundef
#CFLAGS += -Wunreachable-code
#CFLAGS += -Wsign-compare
CFLAGS += -Wa,-adhlns=$(<:%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%.lst)
CFLAGS += $(patsubst %,-I%,$(EXTRAINCDIRS))
CFLAGS += $(CSTANDARD)
#---------------- Compiler Options C++ ----------------
-g*: generate debugging information
-O*: optimization level
-f…: tuning, see GCC manual and avr-libc documentation
-Wall…: warning level
-Wa,…: tell GCC to pass this to the assembler.
-adhlns…: create assembler listing
CPPFLAGS = -g$(DEBUG)
CPPFLAGS += $(CPPDEFS)
CPPFLAGS += -O$(OPT)
CPPFLAGS += -funsigned-char
CPPFLAGS += -funsigned-bitfields
CPPFLAGS += -fpack-struct
CPPFLAGS += -fshort-enums
CPPFLAGS += -fno-exceptions
CPPFLAGS += -Wall
CPPFLAGS += -Wundef
#CPPFLAGS += -mshort-calls
#CPPFLAGS += -fno-unit-at-a-time
#CPPFLAGS += -Wstrict-prototypes
#CPPFLAGS += -Wunreachable-code
#CPPFLAGS += -Wsign-compare
CPPFLAGS += -Wa,-adhlns=$(<:%.cpp=$(OBJDIR)/%.lst)
CPPFLAGS += $(patsubst %,-I%,$(EXTRAINCDIRS))
#CPPFLAGS += $(CSTANDARD)
#---------------- Assembler Options ----------------
-Wa,…: tell GCC to pass this to the assembler.
-adhlns: create listing
-gstabs: have the assembler create line number information; note that
for use in COFF files, additional information about filenames
and function names needs to be present in the assembler source
files – see avr-libc docs [FIXME: not yet described there]
-listing-cont-lines: Sets the maximum number of continuation lines of hex
dump that will be displayed for a given single line of source input.
ASFLAGS = $(ADEFS) -Wa,-adhlns=$(<:%.S=$(OBJDIR)/%.lst),-gstabs,–listing-cont-lines=100
#---------------- Library Options ----------------
Minimalistic printf version
PRINTF_LIB_MIN = -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min
Floating point printf version (requires MATH_LIB = -lm below)
PRINTF_LIB_FLOAT = -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt
If this is left blank, then it will use the Standard printf version.
PRINTF_LIB =
#PRINTF_LIB = $(PRINTF_LIB_MIN)
#PRINTF_LIB = $(PRINTF_LIB_FLOAT)
Minimalistic scanf version
SCANF_LIB_MIN = -Wl,-u,vfscanf -lscanf_min
Floating point + %[ scanf version (requires MATH_LIB = -lm below)
SCANF_LIB_FLOAT = -Wl,-u,vfscanf -lscanf_flt
If this is left blank, then it will use the Standard scanf version.
SCANF_LIB =
#SCANF_LIB = $(SCANF_LIB_MIN)
#SCANF_LIB = $(SCANF_LIB_FLOAT)
MATH_LIB = -lm
List any extra directories to look for libraries here.
Each directory must be seperated by a space.
Use forward slashes for directory separators.
For a directory that has spaces, enclose it in quotes.
EXTRALIBDIRS =
#---------------- External Memory Options ----------------
64 KB of external RAM, starting after internal RAM (ATmega128!),
used for variables (.data/.bss) and heap (malloc()).
#EXTMEMOPTS = -Wl,-Tdata=0x801100,–defsym=__heap_end=0x80ffff
64 KB of external RAM, starting after internal RAM (ATmega128!),
only used for heap (malloc()).
#EXTMEMOPTS = -Wl,–section-start,.data=0x801100,–defsym=__heap_end=0x80ffff
EXTMEMOPTS =
#---------------- Linker Options ----------------
-Wl,…: tell GCC to pass this to linker.
-Map: create map file
–cref: add cross reference to map file
LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map=$(TARGET).map,–cref
LDFLAGS += $(EXTMEMOPTS)
LDFLAGS += $(patsubst %,-L%,$(EXTRALIBDIRS))
LDFLAGS += $(PRINTF_LIB) $(SCANF_LIB) $(MATH_LIB)
#LDFLAGS += -T linker_script.x
#---------------- Programming Options (avrdude) ----------------
Programming hardware
Type: avrdude -c ?
to get a full listing.
AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER = usbasp
com1 = serial port. Use lpt1 to connect to parallel port.
AVRDUDE_PORT = com1 # programmer connected to serial device
AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH = -U flash:w:$(TARGET).hex
#AVRDUDE_WRITE_EEPROM = -U eeprom:w:$(TARGET).eep
Uncomment the following if you want avrdude’s erase cycle counter.
Note that this counter needs to be initialized first using -Yn,
see avrdude manual.
#AVRDUDE_ERASE_COUNTER = -y
Uncomment the following if you do /not/ wish a verification to be
performed after programming the device.
#AVRDUDE_NO_VERIFY = -V
Increase verbosity level. Please use this when submitting bug
reports about avrdude. See <http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/avrdude>
to submit bug reports.
#AVRDUDE_VERBOSE = -v -v
AVRDUDE_FLAGS = -p $(MCU) -P $(AVRDUDE_PORT) -c $(AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER)
AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_NO_VERIFY)
AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_VERBOSE)
AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_ERASE_COUNTER)
#---------------- Debugging Options ----------------
For simulavr only - target MCU frequency.
DEBUG_MFREQ = $(F_CPU)
Set the DEBUG_UI to either gdb or insight.
DEBUG_UI = gdb
DEBUG_UI = insight
Set the debugging back-end to either avarice, simulavr.
DEBUG_BACKEND = avarice
#DEBUG_BACKEND = simulavr
GDB Init Filename.
GDBINIT_FILE = __avr_gdbinit
When using avarice settings for the JTAG
JTAG_DEV = /dev/com1
Debugging port used to communicate between GDB / avarice / simulavr.
DEBUG_PORT = 4242
Debugging host used to communicate between GDB / avarice / simulavr, normally
just set to localhost unless doing some sort of crazy debugging when
avarice is running on a different computer.
DEBUG_HOST = localhost
#============================================================================
Define programs and commands.
SHELL = sh
CC = avr-gcc
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
SIZE = avr-size
AR = avr-ar rcs
NM = avr-nm
AVRDUDE = avrdude
REMOVE = rm -f
REMOVEDIR = rm -rf
COPY = cp
WINSHELL = cmd
Define Messages
English
MSG_ERRORS_NONE = Errors: none
MSG_BEGIN = -------- begin --------
MSG_END = -------- end --------
MSG_SIZE_BEFORE = Size before:
MSG_SIZE_AFTER = Size after:
MSG_COFF = Converting to AVR COFF:
MSG_EXTENDED_COFF = Converting to AVR Extended COFF:
MSG_FLASH = Creating load file for Flash:
MSG_EEPROM = Creating load file for EEPROM:
MSG_EXTENDED_LISTING = Creating Extended Listing:
MSG_SYMBOL_TABLE = Creating Symbol Table:
MSG_LINKING = Linking:
MSG_COMPILING = Compiling C:
MSG_COMPILING_CPP = Compiling C++:
MSG_ASSEMBLING = Assembling:
MSG_CLEANING = Cleaning project:
MSG_CREATING_LIBRARY = Creating library:
Define all object files.
OBJ = $(SRC:%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%.o) $(CPPSRC:%.cpp=$(OBJDIR)/%.o) $(ASRC:%.S=$(OBJDIR)/%.o)
Define all listing files.
LST = $(SRC:%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%.lst) $(CPPSRC:%.cpp=$(OBJDIR)/%.lst) $(ASRC:%.S=$(OBJDIR)/%.lst)
Compiler flags to generate dependency files.
GENDEPFLAGS = -MMD -MP -MF .dep/$(@F).d
Combine all necessary flags and optional flags.
Add target processor to flags.
ALL_CFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. $(CFLAGS) $(GENDEPFLAGS)
ALL_CPPFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. -x c++ $(CPPFLAGS) $(GENDEPFLAGS)
ALL_ASFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. -x assembler-with-cpp $(ASFLAGS)
Default target.
all: begin gccversion sizebefore build sizeafter end
Change the build target to build a HEX file or a library.
build: elf hex eep lss sym
#build: lib
elf: $(TARGET).elf
hex: $(TARGET).hex
eep: $(TARGET).eep
lss: $(TARGET).lss
sym: $(TARGET).sym
LIBNAME=lib$(TARGET).a
lib: $(LIBNAME)
Eye candy.
AVR Studio 3.x does not check make’s exit code but relies on
the following magic strings to be generated by the compile job.
begin:
@echo
@echo $(MSG_BEGIN)
end:
@echo $(MSG_END)
@echo
Display size of file.
HEXSIZE = $(SIZE) --target=$(FORMAT) $(TARGET).hex
ELFSIZE = $(SIZE) --mcu=$(MCU) --format=avr $(TARGET).elf
sizebefore:
@if test -f $(TARGET).elf; then echo; echo $(MSG_SIZE_BEFORE); $(ELFSIZE); \
2>/dev/null; echo; fi
sizeafter:
@if test -f $(TARGET).elf; then echo; echo $(MSG_SIZE_AFTER); $(ELFSIZE); \
2>/dev/null; echo; fi
Display compiler version information.
gccversion :
@$(CC) --version
Program the device.
program: $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).eep
$(AVRDUDE) $(AVRDUDE_FLAGS) $(AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH) $(AVRDUDE_WRITE_EEPROM)
Generate avr-gdb config/init file which does the following:
define the reset signal, load the target file, connect to target, and set
a breakpoint at main().
gdb-config:
@$(REMOVE) $(GDBINIT_FILE)
@echo define reset >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
@echo SIGNAL SIGHUP >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
@echo end >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
@echo file $(TARGET).elf >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
@echo target remote $(DEBUG_HOST):$(DEBUG_PORT) >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
ifeq ($(DEBUG_BACKEND),simulavr)
@echo load >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
endif
@echo break main >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
debug: gdb-config $(TARGET).elf
ifeq ($(DEBUG_BACKEND), avarice)
@echo Starting AVaRICE - Press enter when “waiting to connect” message displays.
@$(WINSHELL) /c start avarice --jtag $(JTAG_DEV) --erase --program --file \
$(TARGET).elf $(DEBUG_HOST):$(DEBUG_PORT)
@$(WINSHELL) /c pause
else
@$(WINSHELL) /c start simulavr --gdbserver --device $(MCU) --clock-freq \
$(DEBUG_MFREQ) --port $(DEBUG_PORT)
endif
@$(WINSHELL) /c start avr-$(DEBUG_UI) --command=$(GDBINIT_FILE)
Convert ELF to COFF for use in debugging / simulating in AVR Studio or VMLAB.
COFFCONVERT = $(OBJCOPY) --debugging
COFFCONVERT += --change-section-address .data-0x800000
COFFCONVERT += --change-section-address .bss-0x800000
COFFCONVERT += --change-section-address .noinit-0x800000
COFFCONVERT += --change-section-address .eeprom-0x810000
coff: $(TARGET).elf
@echo
@echo $(MSG_COFF) $(TARGET).cof
$(COFFCONVERT) -O coff-avr $< $(TARGET).cof
extcoff: $(TARGET).elf
@echo
@echo $(MSG_EXTENDED_COFF) $(TARGET).cof
$(COFFCONVERT) -O coff-ext-avr $< $(TARGET).cof
Create final output files (.hex, .eep) from ELF output file.
%.hex: %.elf
@echo
@echo $(MSG_FLASH) $@
$(OBJCOPY) -O $(FORMAT) -R .eeprom -R .fuse -R .lock $< $@
%.eep: %.elf
@echo
@echo $(MSG_EEPROM) $@
-$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --set-section-flags=.eeprom=“alloc,load” \
–change-section-lma .eeprom=0 --no-change-warnings -O $(FORMAT) $< $@ || exit 0
Create extended listing file from ELF output file.
%.lss: %.elf
@echo
@echo $(MSG_EXTENDED_LISTING) $@
$(OBJDUMP) -h -S -z $< > $@
Create a symbol table from ELF output file.
%.sym: %.elf
@echo
@echo $(MSG_SYMBOL_TABLE) $@
$(NM) -n $< > $@
Create library from object files.
.SECONDARY : $(TARGET).a
.PRECIOUS : $(OBJ)
%.a: $(OBJ)
@echo
@echo $(MSG_CREATING_LIBRARY) $@
$(AR) $@ $(OBJ)
Link: create ELF output file from object files.
.SECONDARY : $(TARGET).elf
.PRECIOUS : $(OBJ)
%.elf: $(OBJ)
@echo
@echo $(MSG_LINKING) $@
$(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $^ --output $@ $(LDFLAGS)
Compile: create object files from C source files.
$(OBJDIR)/%.o : %.c
@echo
@echo $(MSG_COMPILING) $<
$(CC) -c $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< -o $@
Compile: create object files from C++ source files.
$(OBJDIR)/%.o : %.cpp
@echo
@echo $(MSG_COMPILING_CPP) $<
$(CC) -c $(ALL_CPPFLAGS) $< -o $@
Compile: create assembler files from C source files.
%.s : %.c
$(CC) -S $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< -o $@
Compile: create assembler files from C++ source files.
%.s : %.cpp
$(CC) -S $(ALL_CPPFLAGS) $< -o $@
Assemble: create object files from assembler source files.
$(OBJDIR)/%.o : %.S
@echo
@echo $(MSG_ASSEMBLING) $<
$(CC) -c $(ALL_ASFLAGS) $< -o $@
Create preprocessed source for use in sending a bug report.
%.i : %.c
$(CC) -E -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. $(CFLAGS) $< -o $@
Target: clean project.
clean: begin clean_list end
clean_list :
@echo
@echo $(MSG_CLEANING)
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).hex
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).eep
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).cof
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).elf
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).map
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).sym
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).lss
$(REMOVE) $(SRC:%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%.o)
$(REMOVE) $(SRC:%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%.lst)
$(REMOVE) $(SRC:.c=.s)
$(REMOVE) $(SRC:.c=.d)
$(REMOVE) $(SRC:.c=.i)
$(REMOVEDIR) .dep
Create object files directory
$(shell mkdir $(OBJDIR) 2>/dev/null)
Include the dependency files.
-include $(shell mkdir .dep 2>/dev/null) $(wildcard .dep/*)
Listing of phony targets.
.PHONY : all begin finish end sizebefore sizeafter gccversion \
build elf hex eep lss sym coff extcoff \
clean clean_list program debug gdb-config
running make -f mirror from the command prompt also yielded the same result.